{"id":155254,"date":"2020-09-15T14:56:31","date_gmt":"2020-09-15T14:56:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/leffet-de-la-salinite-et-de-la-concentration-de-chlorure-sur-leau-utilisable-en-culture\/"},"modified":"2022-10-10T11:56:48","modified_gmt":"2022-10-10T11:56:48","slug":"leffet-de-la-salinite-et-de-la-concentration-de-chlorure-sur-leau-utilisable-en-culture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/fr\/leffet-de-la-salinite-et-de-la-concentration-de-chlorure-sur-leau-utilisable-en-culture\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019effet de la salinit\u00e9 et de la concentration de chlorure sur l\u2019eau utilisable en culture"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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La salinit\u00e9 est l\u2019un des plus gros probl\u00e8mes de qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau dans les r\u00e9gions c\u00f4ti\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

L\u2019exposition de la R\u00e9publique de Croatie \u00e0 l\u2019effet de la salinit\u00e9 de la mer \u00e0 l\u2019action de la mer entra\u00eene le probl\u00e8me de la p\u00e9n\u00e9tration de la mer dans les aquif\u00e8res c\u00f4tiers et constitue une menace s\u00e9rieuse pour la production agricole.<\/p>\n

La p\u00e9n\u00e9tration de l\u2019eau de mer a des cons\u00e9quences \u00e9cologiques n\u00e9gatives sur la vall\u00e9e de la Neretva, qui est l\u2019une des zones o\u00f9 l\u2019impact du sel marin sur la salinit\u00e9 du sol est le plus prononc\u00e9 en Croatie. L\u2019agriculture de la r\u00e9gion de Neretva est particuli\u00e8rement touch\u00e9e par ce probl\u00e8me, o\u00f9 l\u2019exposition \u00e0 long terme des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s agricoles \u00e0 l\u2019eau sal\u00e9e peut conduire \u00e0 une inutilisabilit\u00e9 des terres.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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La seule fa\u00e7on de distinguer si l\u2019eau convient \u00e0 une utilisation en irrigation est d\u2019effectuer des tests.<\/p>\n

Il est fortement recommand\u00e9 que les eaux souterraines et les eaux de surface r\u00e9utilisables soient test\u00e9es r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement avant d\u2019\u00eatre utilis\u00e9es sur les cultures.<\/p>\n

La salinit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau peut \u00eatre mesur\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un salinom\u00e8tre de poche ou en envoyant des \u00e9chantillons \u00e0 un laboratoire pour analyse. La salinit\u00e9 est mesur\u00e9e en lisant la conductivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique de l\u2019eau. Plus le niveau de sel est \u00e9lev\u00e9, plus la conductivit\u00e9 est \u00e9lev\u00e9e. Les mesures de la salinit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau sont exprim\u00e9es en \u00abmilisiemens par centim\u00e8tre\u00bb (mS \/ cm) ou parfois en \u00abmicrosiemens par centim\u00e8tre\u00bb (\u00b5S \/ cm).<\/p>\n

Conversion. 1 mS\/cm = 1,000 \u00b5S\/cm<\/p>\n

Pour convertir mS \/ m en \u00b5S \/ cm, multipliez par 1000<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00c0 titre approximatif, vous pouvez convertir vos lectures de salinit\u00e9 en parties par million (ppm) comme suit:<\/p>\n

R\u00e9sultat en mS \/ cm X 640 = R\u00e9sultat en ppm<\/p>\n

R\u00e9sultat \u00b5S \/ cm X 0,64 = R\u00e9sultat en ppm<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Quel est l\u2019effet de la salinit\u00e9 sur les plantes?<\/p>\n

La salinit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau d\u2019irrigation affecte les performances des cultures de plusieurs mani\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

\u2022 La disponibilit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau dans la zone dentaire est limit\u00e9e en raison<\/p>\n

les sels dans la zone racinaire surpassent les racines des plantes pour l\u2019humidit\u00e9, ce qui r\u00e9duit la croissance et le rendement.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Les sels affectent \u00e9galement la croissance des pousses et le rendement des plantes.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Le chlorure \u00e0 des niveaux \u00e9lev\u00e9s a \u00e9galement montr\u00e9 des effets toxiques graves sur certaines cultures<\/p>\n

Directives g\u00e9n\u00e9rales \u00e0 suivre concernant la salinit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau utilis\u00e9e pour l\u2019irrigation:<\/p>\n

\u2022 si la salinit\u00e9 est inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 0,8 mS \/ cm, l\u2019eau convient \u00e0 la plupart des cultures et p\u00e2turages sur des sols moyennement \u00e0 bien drain\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

\u2022 si la salinit\u00e9 est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 2,3 mS \/ cm, l\u2019eau ne convient pas \u00e0 une utilisation continue pour la plupart des cultures<\/p>\n

R\u00e9sum\u00e9 des recommandations pour la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau pour l\u2019irrigation<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nOK<\/td>\nFaites attention<\/td>\nProbl\u00e9matique<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Conductivit\u00e9<\/td>\n< 0.8 mS\/cm<\/td>\n0.8 \u2013 2.3 mS\/cm<\/td>\n> 2.3 mS\/cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TDS<\/td>\n< 500 ppm<\/td>\n500 \u2013 1500 ppm<\/td>\n> 1500 ppm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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La conductivit\u00e9 peut \u00eatre mesur\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019un testeur de conductivit\u00e9 ou d\u2019un m\u00e8tre.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Les mesures de conductivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es pour d\u00e9terminer la salinit\u00e9 dans diff\u00e9rentes eaux. Cela signifie qu\u2019une mesure de conductivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique ne peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e que pour d\u00e9terminer avec pr\u00e9cision la salinit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9chantillons tels que l\u2019eau de mer.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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<\/p>\n

Surveillance du taux d\u2019absorption du sodium (TAS) dans les eaux souterraines<\/p>\n

NaCl(s) –> (H2O) Na+(aq)\u00a0+ Cl-(aq)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Des concentrations excessives d\u2019ions sodium et chlorure dans l\u2019eau d\u2019irrigation peuvent entra\u00eener des toxicit\u00e9s chez les plantes. Ces ions peuvent \u00eatre absorb\u00e9s soit par les racines, soit par contact direct sur les feuilles. Plus de d\u00e9g\u00e2ts sont caus\u00e9s par l\u2019absorption directe par les feuilles.<\/p>\n

Les sympt\u00f4mes typiques de la toxicit\u00e9 du sodium que les plantes peuvent pr\u00e9senter sont des feuilles br\u00fbl\u00e9es ou br\u00fbl\u00e9es et des tissus morts le long des bords ext\u00e9rieurs des feuilles. Des concentrations \u00e9lev\u00e9es de sodium dans l\u2019eau d\u2019irrigation peuvent induire une carence en calcium et en potassium dans les sols pauvres en ces nutriments, et les cultures peuvent r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la fertilisation avec ces nutriments. Un autre effet du sodium est que si le sodium a des effets physicochimiques sur la structure du sol limitant l\u2019infilitration de l\u2019eau et de l\u2019air et de l\u2019eau dans le sol.<\/p>\n

Le TAS mesure le pourcentage relatif d\u2019ions sodium dans l\u2019eau par rapport aux ions calcium et magn\u00e9sium. Un TAS \u00e9lev\u00e9 indique qu\u2019il existe un potentiel d\u2019accumulation de sodium dans le sol.<\/p>\n

Exemple:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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TAS<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Type<\/td>\nR\u00e9action<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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2\u20138<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

agrumes, fruits \u00e0 feuilles caduques et noix<\/td>\nTr\u00e8s sensible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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8\u201318<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Haricots<\/td>\nSensible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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18\u201346<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Tr\u00e8fle, avoine, riz<\/td>\nMod\u00e9r\u00e9ment tol\u00e9rant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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46\u2013102<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

betteraves, luzerne, tomates, bl\u00e9<\/td>\nTol\u00e9rant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Phytotoxicit\u00e9 et effets de la concentration de chlorure dans les eaux souterraines<\/p>\n

L\u2019analyse de la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau comprend \u00e9galement la d\u00e9termination des ions chlorure, qui peuvent \u00eatre toxiques pour les plantes \u00e0 des concentrations \u00e9lev\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

L\u2019eau saline peut contenir du sodium dans plusieurs types de sels (NaCl), de potassium (KCl) et de calcium (CaCl2).<\/p>\n

En Croatie, les aquif\u00e8res sujets \u00e0 l\u2019intrusion d\u2019eau de mer sont caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s par des concentrations \u00e9lev\u00e9es de chlorure.<\/p>\n

Les niveaux de chlorure dans les eaux non contamin\u00e9es sont souvent inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 10 mg \/ L et parfois inf\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 1 mg \/ L. Les chlorures sont en effet consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme importants dans l\u2019\u00e9quilibre nutritionnel des plantes, \u00e0 des niveaux inf\u00e9rieurs. Ils peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre utiles dans le contr\u00f4le des maladies racinaires et foliaires de certaines cultures et b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier \u00e0 la nutrition v\u00e9g\u00e9tale.<\/p>\n

Cependant, une accumulation excessive de chlorure endommage les feuilles des arbres fruitiers, tels que les olives, les noyers et les agrumes. Les feuilles peuvent pr\u00e9senter des br\u00fblures dues \u00e0 l\u2019accumulation de chlore selon le type d\u2019arbre.<\/p>\n

Le degr\u00e9 de restriction du chlorure d\u2019ions (Cl-) dans l\u2019eau d\u2019irrigation:<\/p>\n

< 140 mg \/ L est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l\u00e9ger,<\/p>\n

140-350 mg \/ L est mod\u00e9r\u00e9,<\/p>\n

> 350 mg \/ L sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme s\u00e9v\u00e8res.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Type de culture<\/td>\nConcentration de chlorure dans l\u2019eau d\u2019irrigation
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Porte-greffes d\u2019agrumes<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
trifoliata<\/td>\n\n

120<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

citron<\/td>\n\n

200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

orange douce<\/td>\n\n

300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

citron vert, mandarine<\/td>\n\n

600<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Porte-greffes de fruits \u00e0 noyau<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Prune Marianna (pour prunes et abricots en herbe)<\/td>\n\n

600<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Prune myrobolane (pour prunes et abricots en herbe)<\/td>\n\n

370<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

P\u00eache<\/td>\n\n

235<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de fruits mous<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
la m\u00fbre<\/td>\n\n

235<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Framboise<\/td>\n\n

120<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Fraise<\/td>\n\n

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Les chlorures peuvent \u00eatre facilement dos\u00e9s de plusieurs mani\u00e8res:<\/p>\n

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  • Photom\u00e9trique \/ spectrophotom\u00e9trique<\/li>\n
  • Kits de test de titrage<\/li>\n
  • Chlorure ISE<\/li>\n
  • Multiparam\u00e8tre HI9829 avec capteur de chlorure en option<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    HI931 \u2013 Dosage du chlorure \u2013 Titrage au nitrate d\u2019argent<\/p>\n

    Les concentrations de chlorure des \u00e9chantillons d\u2019eau peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9termin\u00e9es avec pr\u00e9cision par le nitrate d\u2019argent en utilisant un syst\u00e8me de titrage Hanna HI931<\/p>\n

    AgNO3 + NaCl \u2192 AgCl + NaNO3<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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    Les r\u00e9sultats sont exprim\u00e9s en ppm (mg \/ L) sous forme de chlorure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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    La m\u00e9thode de titrage pour la d\u00e9termination du chlorure dans l\u2019eau est la m\u00e9thode la plus pr\u00e9cise pour la d\u00e9termination du chorure, comme indiqu\u00e9 dans<\/p>\n

    M\u00e9thodes standard pour l\u2019examen de l\u2019eau et des eaux us\u00e9es 21e \u00e9dition, m\u00e9thode<\/b><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Auteur:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    Nives Vincekovi\u0107 Budor<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    dipl.kem.ing.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    La salinit\u00e9 est l\u2019un des plus gros probl\u00e8mes de qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau dans les r\u00e9gions […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":153876,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[388],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-155254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture-fr"],"yoast_head":"\nL\u2019effet de la salinit\u00e9 et de la concentration de chlorure sur l\u2019eau utilisable en culture - 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