{"id":154933,"date":"2020-09-15T14:56:31","date_gmt":"2020-09-15T14:56:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/ucinak-saliniteta-i-koncentracije-klorida-na-iskoristivost-vode-za-navodnjavanje\/"},"modified":"2022-10-07T13:10:32","modified_gmt":"2022-10-07T13:10:32","slug":"ucinak-saliniteta-i-koncentracije-klorida-na-iskoristivost-vode-za-navodnjavanje","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/hr\/ucinak-saliniteta-i-koncentracije-klorida-na-iskoristivost-vode-za-navodnjavanje\/","title":{"rendered":"U\u010dinak saliniteta i koncentracije klorida na iskoristivost vode za navodnjavanje"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Salinitet je jedan od najve\u0107ih problema kvalitete vode u obalnim regijama.<\/p>\n

Izlo\u017eenost utjecaju saliniteta, kao posljedice djelovanja mora, sa sobom donosi problem prodora mora u obalne vodonosnike i ozbiljna je prijetnja poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji.<\/p>\n

Prodiranje morske vode ima negativne ekolo\u0161ke posljedice i na dolinu Neretve, koje je jedno od podru\u010dja s najizra\u017eenijim utjecajem morske soli na salinitet tla u Hrvatskoj. Ovaj problem posebno poga\u0111a poljoprivredu regije Neretve, gdje dugotrajna izlo\u017eenost poljoprivrednih svojstava slanoj vodi mo\u017ee dovesti do neupotrebljivosti zemlji\u0161ta.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Jedini na\u010din da se razlu\u010di je li voda pogodna za uporabu u navodnjavanju je da se izvr\u0161i ispitivanje.<\/p>\n

Strogo se preporu\u010duje da se podzemne vode i iskoristive povr\u0161inske vode redovito testiraju prije nego \u0161to se koriste na usjevima.<\/p>\n

Salinitet vode mo\u017ee se mjeriti pomo\u0107u d\u017eepnog mjera\u010da saliniteta ili slanjem uzoraka u laboratorij na analizu. Salinitet se mjeri o\u010ditanjem elektri\u010dne vodljivosti vode. \u0160to je razina soli ve\u0107a, ve\u0107a je vodljivost. Mjerenja saliniteta vode izra\u017eena su u \u2018milisiemens po centimetru\u2019 (mS\/cm) ili ponekad kao \u2018mikrosiemens po centimetru\u2019 (\u03bcS\/cm).<\/p>\n

Konverzija 1 mS\/cm = 1,000 \u00b5S\/cm<\/p>\n

Za pretvorbu mS\/m u \u00b5S\/cm, pomno\u017eite s 1,000<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kao gruba aproksimacija, mo\u017eete pretvoriti o\u010ditanja saliniteta u dijelove na milijun (ppm) kako slijedi:<\/p>\n

Rezultat u mS\/cm X 640 = Rezultat u ppm<\/p>\n

Rezultat u \u00b5S\/cm X 0.64 = Rezultat u ppm<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Koji je u\u010dinak saliniteta na biljke?<\/p>\n

Salinitet vode za navodnjavanje utje\u010de na performanse usjeva na nekoliko na\u010dina:<\/p>\n

\u2022 Ograni\u010dava se dostupnost vode u zoni korijena zbog<\/p>\n

soli koja privla\u010di vlagu biljnog korijenja te na taj na\u010din utje\u010de na smanjenje rasta i prinosa.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Soli tako\u0111er utje\u010du na rast listova i razvoj izdanaka biljaka.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Kloridi u visokim razinama tako\u0111er pokazuju nekoliko toksi\u010dnih u\u010dinaka na odre\u0111ene usjeve<\/p>\n

Op\u0107e smjernice koje treba slijediti u pogledu saliniteta vode koja se koristi za navodnjavanje:<\/p>\n

\u2022 ako je salinitet manji od 0,8 mS\/cm, voda je pogodna za ve\u0107inu usjeva i pa\u0161njaka na umjereno do dobro dreniranom tlu.<\/p>\n

\u2022 ako je salinitet ve\u0107i od 2,3 mS\/cm, voda nije pogodna za kontinuiranu uporabu za ve\u0107inu usjeva<\/p>\n

Sa\u017eetak smjernica za kvalitetu vode za navodnjavanje<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nOK<\/td>\nPostupajte oprezno<\/td>\nProblemati\u010dno<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Provodljivost<\/td>\n< 0.8 mS\/cm<\/td>\n0.8 \u2013 2.3 mS\/cm<\/td>\n> 2.3 mS\/cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TDS<\/td>\n< 500 ppm<\/td>\n500 \u2013 1500 ppm<\/td>\n> 1500 ppm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Vodljivost se mo\u017ee mjeriti pomo\u0107u testera vodljivosti ili mjera\u010da<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektri\u010dna mjerenja vodljivosti mogu se koristiti za odre\u0111ivanje saliniteta u razli\u010ditim vrstama vode. To zna\u010di da se mjerenje elektri\u010dne vodljivosti mo\u017ee koristiti samo za to\u010dno odre\u0111ivanje saliniteta uzoraka kao \u0161to je morska voda.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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<\/p>\n

Pra\u0107enje omjera adsorpcije natrija (SAR) u podzemnim vodama<\/p>\n

NaCl(s) \u2013> (H2O) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Prekomjerne koncentracije iona natrija i klorida u vodi za navodnjavanje mogu uzrokovati toksi\u010dnosti u biljkama. Ove ione mogu preuzeti ili korijeni ili direktnim kontaktom na li\u0161\u0107e. Vi\u0161e o\u0161te\u0107enja je uzrokovano izravnom apsorpcijom kroz li\u0161\u0107e. Vi\u0161e o\u0161te\u0107enja je uzrokovano izravnom apsorpcijom kroz li\u0161\u0107e.<\/p>\n

Tipi\u010dni simptomi toksi\u010dnosti natrija koje biljke mogu pokazati su spaljeni listovi i mrtvo tkivo du\u017e vanjskih rubova listova. Visoke koncentracije natrija u vodi za navodnjavanje mogu izazvati nedostatak kalcija i kalija u tlima siroma\u0161nim tim hranjivim tvarima, a usjevi mogu reagirati na prihranu s navedenim hranjivim tvarima. Drugi u\u010dinak natrija je da natrij ima fiziokemijske u\u010dinke na strukturu tla ograni\u010davaju\u0107i infiltraciju vode i zraka i vode u tlu.<\/p>\n

SAR mjeri relativni postotak iona natrija u vodi u odnosu na ione kalcija i magnezija. Visoki SAR ukazuje da postoji potencijal da se natrij akumulira u tlu.<\/p>\n

Primjer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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SAR<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Vrsta<\/td>\nReakcija<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

2\u20138<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Citrusi i ora\u0161asti plodovi<\/td>\nVrlo osjetljivo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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8\u201318<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Grahorice<\/td>\nOsjetljivo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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18\u201346<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

zob, ri\u017ea<\/td>\nUmjereno tolerantno<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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46\u2013102<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

lucerna, raj\u010dica, p\u0161enica<\/td>\nTolerantno<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Fitotoksi\u010dnost i u\u010dinci koncentracije klorida u podzemnim vodama<\/p>\n

Analiza kvalitete vode uklju\u010duje i odre\u0111ivanje iona klorida, koji mogu biti otrovni za biljke u visokim koncentracijama.<\/p>\n

Slana voda mo\u017ee uklju\u010divati natrij u nekoliko vrsta soli (NaCl), kalij (KCl) i kalcijeve (CaCl2) soli.<\/p>\n

U Hrvatskoj, vodonosnike sklone prodoru morske vode karakteriziraju visoke koncentracije klorida.<\/p>\n

Razine klorida u nekontaminiranim vodama \u010desto su ni\u017ee od 10 mg\/L, a ponekad ni\u017ee od 1 mg\/L. Kloridi se zapravo smatraju va\u017enima u prehrambenoj ravnote\u017ei biljaka, u ni\u017eim razinama. Oni tako\u0111er mogu biti korisni u kontroli korijena i foliarnih bolesti u nekim usjevima i korist vegetacijske prehrane.<\/p>\n

Me\u0111utim, prekomjerna akumulacija klorida o\u0161te\u0107uje li\u0161\u0107e stabala, kao \u0161to su masline, orah i stabla agruma. Listovi mogu pokazati o\u0161te\u0107enje u vidu opeklina zbog nakupljanja klorida ovisno o vrsti stabla.<\/p>\n

Stupanj ograni\u010denja iona klorida (Cl-) u vodi za navodnjavanje:<\/p>\n

< 140mg\/L smatra se bla\u017eim,<\/p>\n

140 -350 mg\/L je umjereno,<\/p>\n

> 350 mg\/L smatra se zna\u010dajnim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Vrsta usjeva<\/td>\nKoncentracija klorida u vodi za navodnjavanje (mg\/L)
\n(mg\/L)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Citrusi<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
trifoliata<\/td>\n\n

120<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

limun<\/td>\n\n

200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

naran\u010da<\/td>\n\n

300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

limeta, mandarina<\/td>\n\n

600<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Vo\u0107ke<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Marianna \u0161ljiva<\/td>\n\n

600<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Myrobolan \u0161ljiva<\/td>\n\n

370<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Breskva<\/td>\n\n

235<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Bobi\u010dasto vo\u0107e<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kupina<\/td>\n\n

235<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Malina<\/td>\n\n

120<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Jagoda<\/td>\n\n

120\u2013190<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kloridi se lako mogu odrediti na nekoliko na\u010dina:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Fotometrijski\/spektrofotometrijski<\/li>\n
  • Titracijskim test kitovima<\/li>\n
  • ISE elektroda za kloride, HI4107<\/li>\n
  • Multiparametarski metar HI9829 s opcionalnim senzorom za kloride<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    HI931 \u2013 Odre\u0111ivanje klorida \u2013 Titracija srebrnim nitratom<\/p>\n

    Koncentracija klorida u uzorku vode mo\u017ee se precizno odrediti titracijom srebro nitratom pomo\u0107u Hanna titracijskog sustava HI931<\/p>\n

    AgNO3 + NaCl \u2192 AgCl + NaNO3<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    Rezultati su izra\u017eeni kao ppm (mg\/L) klorida.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Metoda titracije za odre\u0111ivanje klorida u vodi je najto\u010dnija metoda za odre\u0111ivanje klorida kako je upu\u0107eno u reference na<\/p>\n

    Standardne metode za ispitivanje voda i otpadnih voda 21. izdanje<\/b><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Autor:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

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    Nives Vincekovi\u0107 Budor<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    dipl.kem.ing.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Salinitet je jedan od najve\u0107ih problema kvalitete vode u obalnim regijama. 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