{"id":171032,"date":"2022-05-31T10:25:51","date_gmt":"2022-05-31T10:25:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/vodljivost-tds\/"},"modified":"2022-10-04T19:28:18","modified_gmt":"2022-10-04T19:28:18","slug":"vodljivost-ec","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/hr\/vodljivost-ec\/","title":{"rendered":"Vodljivost EC"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDefinicija vodljivosti\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Elektroliti\u010dka vodljivost, skra\u0107eno EC, je mjerenje u kojem se elektri\u010dni naboji na atomskim ili ve\u0107im \u010desticama u mediju pomi\u010du pod utjecajem razlike potencijala. EC je mjera koncentracije, ali nije specifi\u010dna za tip iona. Ion je nabijena \u010destica prisutna u otopini koja doprinosi protoku struje. Ioni nastaju kada se sol poput natrijevog klorida otopi u vodi kako bi se dobile \u010destice koje imaju elektri\u010dni naboj. Natrijev klorid, na primjer, razdvaja se na Na+ i Cl\u00af. Ovo je pojednostavljena definicija jer na mjerenje utje\u010du mnoge stvari kao \u0161to je vrsta ionskog(ih) spoja(a) otopljenog u vodi; pokretljivost iona, viskoznost otopine, temperatura kao i koncentracija.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektri\u010dna vodljivost, sposobnost tvari da provodi elektri\u010dnu struju recipro\u010dna je elektri\u010dnom otporu. “Konduktivnost” i “otpor” ovise o geometrijskim dimenzijama tvari koja se mjeri. Vodljivost i otpornost su “normalizirani” pojmovi koji se koriste za ozna\u010davanje skupnog intrinzi\u010dnog svojstva tvari. Ovo je mjerenje koje osigurava standardizirana EC sonda na mjera\u010du vodljivosti ili otpora. Mjerenja vodljivosti mogu se koristiti za dodatna mjerenja specifi\u010dna za industriju; Vodljivost uskla\u0111ena s TDS-om, salinitetom i USP-om. Mnogi Hannini mjera\u010di tako\u0111er pru\u017eaju ova mjerenja.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektri\u010dna
Otpornost<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektri\u010dni otpor \u03c1 (gr\u010dki rho), tako\u0111er nazvan Specifi\u010dni otpor (1cm kocka) koristi jedinice Ohm.cm. Na primjer, ka\u017ee se da ultra\u010dista voda ima vrijednost od 18,16 Mohm.cm. na 25\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektri\u010dni
Vodljivost (EC)<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektri\u010dna vodljivost \u03c3 (gr\u010dki sigma i drugi simboli koji se tako\u0111er koriste, recipro\u010dna je otpornost i koristi jedinice Siemens\/cm (S\/cm, mS\/cm, \u03bcS\/cm, dS\/m). Na primjer, ka\u017ee se da ultra\u010dista voda ima vodljivost od: .055\u03bcS\/cm na 25\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIUPAC konvencija\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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1000 mikroSiemena\/cm (\u03bcS\/cm) = 1,0 miliSiemena\/cm (mS\/cm).<\/p>\n

Napomena: Prije 1971. mho\/cm je bila jedinica koja se koristila za vodljivost. Ova jedinica se jo\u0161 uvijek mo\u017ee na\u0107i u nekoj starijoj literaturi.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Iako su vodljivost i otpornost recipro\u010dne jedinice koje se mogu lako pretvoriti, konvencija koristi otpornost za vrlo niske koncentracije elektrolita ili kontaminanata u tragovima, tj. ultra\u010distu vodu, i vodljivost za izra\u017eavanje zna\u010dajnih razina soli, tj. morske vode; kupke za galvanizaciju, koncentracije kiselina. Stil elektrode i tehnike mjerenja tako\u0111er doprinose uspjehu u pouzdanim mjerenjima vodljivosti ili otpora. Mjerenja vodljivosti mogu se koristiti za pru\u017eanje korisnih mjerenja specifi\u010dnih za industriju kao \u0161to su vodljivost uskla\u0111ena s TDS-om, salinitetom i USP-om, a mnoga Hannina mjera\u010da vodljivosti osiguravaju ra\u010dunsku snagu za automatsko pru\u017eanje ovih mjerenja.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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TDS (total dissolved solids) je metoda koja se koristi za odre\u0111ivanje sadr\u017eaja krutih tvari u otopini. Da bi se odredio TDS, otopina \u010diji je volumen poznat se ispari i ostatak se izva\u017ee. Mjerenje vodljivosti obi\u010dno se koristi za procjenu TDS-a (ukupnih otopljenih krutina) na temelju pretpostavke da su krute tvari prete\u017eno ionske prirode i da je odnos izme\u0111u otopljenih iona i vodljivosti poznat. TDS koristi jedinice mg\/L (ppm) ili g \/L. Na nekim mjera\u010dima korisnik mo\u017ee unijeti TDS faktor za pretvorbu. Na osnovnijim jedinicama faktor se automatski postavlja na tipi\u010dno 0,50 A.<\/p>\n

TDS faktor za jake ionske otopine je 0,5, dok je za slabe ionske otopine (npr. gnojiva) 0,7.<\/p>\n

TDS = faktor x EC\u2082\u2085<\/p>\n

Na primjer: vodljivost 100\u03bcS\/cm je TDS od 50ppm kada je faktor 0,5.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSalinitet\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Mjerenja vodljivosti mogu se koristiti za odre\u0111ivanje saliniteta jer se odnosi na op\u0107u oceanografiju
\nkoristiti. <\/p>\n

U uporabi su tri mjerne skale koje su, ovisno o sofisticiranosti mjera\u010da, dostupne za mjerenje saliniteta u morskoj vodi. 3 ljestvice su prakti\u010dna ljestvica slanosti (PSU); 1978, postotna ljestvica (%); i ljestvica prirodne morske vode (g\/L); 1966. godine.<\/p>\n

Prakti\u010dni salinitet i prirodna morska voda zahtijevaju kalibraciju vodljivosti. Mjera\u010di imaju algoritme za pretvaranje mjerenja u \u017eeljenu ljestvicu. NaCl % zahtijeva kalibraciju u standardu HI70371. Prijenosni mjera\u010di s ovim mjerenjem olak\u0161avaju mjerenje saliniteta u akvarijima sa slanom vodom i bo\u010datim vodama.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVodljivost (EC)
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Promjena dvije varijable u\u010dinila bi gotovo nemogu\u0107im poduzimanje korisnih mjerenja vodljivosti. Kada bi se temperatura odr\u017eavala konstantnom, mjerenje vodljivosti imalo bi varijablu samo koncentracije iona. Apsolutna vodljivost je mjerenje vodljivosti bez temperaturne kompenzacije. Ako je promjena vodljivosti s promjenom temperature otopine poznata karakteristika, mjerenja vodljivosti mogu se ispraviti na referentnu temperaturu (obi\u010dno 20 ili 25\u00b0C) pa\u017eljivim mjerenjem temperature otopine. Sre\u0107om, Hanna EC senzori uklju\u010duju integrirani temperaturni senzor za mjerenje temperature otopine. Kompenzacija ispravlja izmjerenu vodljivost na referentnu temperaturu primjenom fiksnog faktora \u03b2 za linearnu kompenzaciju. Vrhunska mjerila omogu\u0107uju pode\u0161avanje \u03b2 za kompenzaciju razli\u010ditih rje\u0161enja i dopu\u0161taju pode\u0161avanje referentne temperature u \u0161irem rasponu temperatura. \u03b2 za neutralne soli je tipi\u010dno izme\u0111u 1,5 do 2,2%\/\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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EC<\/em>\u2082\u2085<\/em>= ECx (1+ \u03b2<\/em>\u2082\u2085<\/em> (Tx\u201425))<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Mjerenja vodljivosti koriste se za pripremu farmaceutske vode za injekcije (WFI) \u0161irom svijeta. Hanna EC sonde i mjera\u010di mogu vam omogu\u0107iti da ispunite USP<645> Zahtjeve za vodljivost vode i Europska farmakopeja 2.2.38 Test vodljivosti za USP & EP pro\u010di\u0161\u0107enu vodu i vodu za injekcije.USP<645>sa tri stupnja uskla\u0111enosti koristi vodljivost kao osnovu ionskih kontaminanata. Potrebni su \u010dimbenici kao \u0161to su to\u010dnost, rezolucija, sigurnost stani\u010dne konstante i sposobnost mjerenja apsolutne vodljivosti. Stupanj 1 koristi in-line mjerenja vodljivosti za uskla\u0111enost i temperaturu\/grani\u010dnu vodljivost za uskla\u0111enost. Voda koja ne prelazi granice stupnja 1 mora se zatim ispitati na zahtjeve stupnja 2. Ovo je laboratorijska tehnika koja je pojednostavljena kori\u0161tenjem na\u0161ih mjera\u010da s USP programskim softverom. Nude programabilne zadane to\u010dke koje prelaze minimalne zahtjeve USP i EP i upute za usmjeravanje tehni\u010dara. Voda koja ne pro\u0111e u 2. stupnju mora se ispitati na pH.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kori\u0161tenje Hanna vodljivosti pomo\u0107i \u0107e u ispunjavanju ciljeva USP pro\u010di\u0161\u0107ene vode i zahtjeva WFI koji uklju\u010duju pobolj\u0161anu kvalitetu vode, pobolj\u0161anu pouzdanost opreme i smanjenje broja potrebnih testova.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKalibracija vodljivosti\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Standardi vodljivosti su otopine soli za koje su poznate ovisnosti o vodljivosti i temperaturi. Postoji dobro definiran odnos izme\u0111u koncentracije kalijevog klorida i elektroliti\u010dke vodljivosti pa se otopine KCl obi\u010dno koriste kao standardi. Standard se koristi za odre\u0111ivanje stani\u010dne konstante, u teoriji definiranog volumena geometrijske konstante. Standarde od 84 \u03bcS\/cm, 1413 \u03bcS\/cm, 5,00 mS\/cm ili 12,88 mS\/cm, 80 mS\/cm i 111,8 mS\/cm proizvodi Hanna. Kalibracija se provodi s vrijedno\u0161\u0107u bliskom vodljivosti uzorka. Ako je poznata to\u010dna konstanta \u0107elije, neki mjera\u010di dopu\u0161taju ru\u010dni unos faktora. To osigurava maksimalnu fleksibilnost i to\u010dnost mjerenja. Na\u0161i stolni mjera\u010di istra\u017eiva\u010dke klase omogu\u0107uju kalibraciju nekoliko vrijednosti to\u010daka radi pobolj\u0161ane to\u010dnosti u \u0161irem rasponu mjerenja.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hanna proizvodi tri vrste sondi za vodljivost, a najjednostavniji dizajn je sonda s 2 elektrode koja koristi amperometrijski pristup za mjerenje; poznati izmjeni\u010dni napon se primjenjuje na odre\u0111enoj frekvenciji izme\u0111u para elektroda u otopini. Proizvedena struja se mjeri i iskazuje u jedinicama vodljivosti koje se odnose na kalibrirani standard. Elektrode su izra\u0111ene od grafita ili metala. One\u010di\u0161\u0107enje zbog mineralnih naslaga i polarizacija pri visokim koncentracijama nedostaci su ove tehnologije. Sonde s dvije elektrode najbolje se koriste u primjenama \u010diste vode kada vodljivost ostaje manja od 5 mS\/cm.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Vodljivost s \u010detiri elektrode (vodljivost s \u010detiri prstena) koristi potencimetrijski pristup za mjerenje; izmjeni\u010dna struja se primjenjuje na vanjske dvije “pogonske” elektrode kako bi se inducirala struja u otopini. Napon se mjeri izme\u0111u unutarnjeg para elektroda u otopini. Napon je proporcionalan vodljivosti. Ova tehnologija pro\u0161iruje linearni raspon mjerenja na tri desetlje\u0107a. Elektrode su izra\u0111ene od grafita, nehr\u0111aju\u0107eg \u010delika ili platine. U\u010dinci polarizacije su smanjeni.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sonde s dvije i \u010detiri elektrode mogu imati vanjsku \u010dahuru preko stani\u010dnog kanala. Navlaka mora ostati na mjestu tijekom mjerenja jer to definira volumen izmjerene otopine i faktor stanica sonde.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Tre\u0107a vrsta sonde za vodljivost koju proizvodi Hanna \u010desto se nalazi u industrijskim procesima spojenim na kontroler. Induktivna, bezelektrodna ili toroidalna sonda za vodljivost koristi dva ili vi\u0161e toroidnih transformatora koji su induktivno spojeni jedan pored drugog i uklopljeni u inertni plasti\u010dni omota\u010d. Primjenom napona visoke frekvencije na pogonski toroid, razvija se magnetsko polje koje inducira struju u okolnoj otopini. Toroid prijemnika na drugoj strani senzora mjeri snagu inducirane struje. Snaga ovisi o vodljivosti otopine. Prednosti ove tehnologije su da nema u\u010dinaka polarizacije, izbor materijala za kapsuliranje mo\u017ee proizvesti kemijsku otpornost i relativnu otpornost na one\u010di\u0161\u0107enje, a rje\u0161enja nisu potrebna za kalibraciju.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Definicija vodljivosti Elektroliti\u010dka vodljivost, skra\u0107eno EC, je mjerenje u kojem se elektri\u010dni naboji na atomskim […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":171161,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[387],"tags":[260],"class_list":["post-171032","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-laboratorij","tag-ec-hr"],"yoast_head":"\nVodljivost EC - Hanna Instruments Hrvatska<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"TDS (total dissolved solids) je metoda koja se koristi za odre\u0111ivanje sadr\u017eaja krutih tvari u otopini. 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