{"id":154622,"date":"2020-08-24T08:09:25","date_gmt":"2020-08-24T08:09:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/odredjivanje-provodljivosti-8-najcescih-gresaka-prilikom-merenja\/"},"modified":"2022-10-10T08:52:24","modified_gmt":"2022-10-10T08:52:24","slug":"odredjivanje-provodljivosti-8-najcescih-gresaka-prilikom-merenja","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/sr\/odredjivanje-provodljivosti-8-najcescih-gresaka-prilikom-merenja\/","title":{"rendered":"Odre\u0111ivanje provodljivosti \u2013 8 naj\u010de\u0161\u0107ih gre\u0161aka prilikom merenja"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Da li imate problema kada izvodite odre\u0111ivanje provodljivosti (EC)? Veoma lako se mo\u017ee pogre\u0161iti, pogotovo kada niste upoznati sa na\u010dinom funkcionisanja tehnologije. Problemi koji nastaju prilikom testiranja za EC \u010desto imaju veze sa vrstom sonde koju koristite.<\/p>\n

Poznaju\u0107i vrstu sonde za odre\u0111ivanje provodljivosti\u00a0 koristite, lak\u0161e je shvatiti problem koji imate. Ako pogledate sondu i vidite dva grafitna ili od ner\u0111ajuc\u0301eg \u010delika pinove (iglice), to je sonda sa dve elektrode; jedna sonda sa \u010detiri prstena na njoj je potenciometrijska; sonda za provodljivost koja se koristi sa procesnom opremom i ima kru\u017enu petlju na kraju je induktivna.<\/p>\n

Nakon \u0161to identifikujete sa kojom tipom sonde za provodljivost radite, moc\u0301i c\u0301ete lako da shvatite koji od ovih osam problema imate.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Polarizacija sonde<\/li>\n
  2. Efekat granice polja<\/li>\n
  3. Nepravilna kalibracija sonde<\/li>\n
  4. Kontaminirani uzorak<\/li>\n
  5. Lo\u0161 TDS konverzioni faktor<\/li>\n
  6. Nedovoljno potapanje sonde<\/li>\n
  7. Kori\u0161\u0107enje lo\u0161e sonde za odre\u0111ivanje provodljivosti<\/li>\n
  8. Ne kori\u0161\u0107enje temperaturne kompenzacije<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Problem #1: Polarizacija sonde<\/h2>\n

    Da li su o\u010ditavanja elektri\u010dne provodljivosti ni\u017ee nego \u0161to treba da budu? Kada se skuplja naboj na senzorima dvoelektronske sonde, o\u010ditavanje postaje neta\u010dno. Ovo se mo\u017ee dogoditi sa bilo kojom sondom sa 2 elektrode, ali se ovaj problem naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e javlja kod metalnih pinova.<\/p>\n

    Re\u0161enje za ovaj problem je kori\u0161\u0107enje grafitnih senzora jer su manje reaktivni. Ovi mera\u010di provodljivosti koriste frekvencije naizmeni\u010dnih struja i kombinacije konstantnih c\u0301elija koji najbolje deluju u odre\u0111enom rasponu i na taj na\u010din minimiziraju efekte polarizacije.<\/p>\n

    Hanna savet:<\/strong>\u00a0Prilikom odabira mera\u010da za odre\u0111ivanje provodljivosti, uverite se da izabrani mera\u010d odgovara o\u010dekivanim koncentracijama uzorka.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    Ako generalno merite uzorke sa \u0161irokim opsegom provodljivosti, upotreba sonde od \u010detiri prstena tako\u0111e c\u0301e Vam pomoc\u0301i da izbegnete efekte polarizacije. Sonda sa \u010detiri prstena sastoji se od dve unutra\u0161nje senzorne elektrode i dva spoljna pogonska prstena.<\/p>\n

    Pogonski prstenovi se napajaju od naizmeni\u010dnog napona koji dovodi struju u c\u0301eliju. Pad napona se zatim meri senzornim elektrodama. Po\u0161to ove sonde za provodljivost mere napon, a ne struju, problemi sa polarizacijom sonde su minimizirani i ta\u010dnost je pobolj\u0161ana.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Problem #2: Efekat granice polja<\/h2>\n

    Da li su Va\u0161a o\u010ditavanja provodljivosti nepravilna? Ukoliko koristite \u010detvoroprstenu elektrodu razlog pojave problema mo\u017ee biti jednostavno polo\u017eaj posude sa uzorkom. Dr\u017eanje sonde preblizu \u010dvrstog predmeta mo\u017ee rezultirati takozvanim efektima ograni\u010denja polja.<\/p>\n

    To zna\u010di da elektri\u010dno polje koje generi\u0161e sonda (isto elektri\u010dno polje koje se koristi za merenje provodljivosti) prekida neki drugi objekat, kao \u0161to su stranice va\u0161eg kontejnera. Metali c\u0301e stvoriti pozitivne smetnje, \u0161to zna\u010di da c\u0301e se va\u0161i rezultati o\u010ditati previsoko. Staklo i plastika daju preniske rezultate.<\/p>\n

    Ovaj problem je lako re\u0161iti \u2013 samo proverite da li sonda za provodljivost nije previ\u0161e blizu strana ili dna va\u0161eg kontejnera! Preporu\u010dujemo udaljenost od strana posude\/kontejnera od bar 2,5 cm od svake strane.<\/p>\n

    Problem #3: Nepravilna kalibracija<\/h2>\n

    Rastvori za kalibraciju provodljivosti nemaju puferski kapacitet, \u0161to zna\u010di da c\u0301e svaka dejonizovana (DI) voda ili uzorak koji ostane na sondi promeniti svoje vrednosti.<\/p>\n

    Buduc\u0301i da je kori\u0161c\u0301enje ta\u010dnih kalibracionih rastvora neophodno za ta\u010dna merenja, va\u017eno je biti siguran da va\u0161e rastvor nije kontaminiran.<\/p>\n

    Najlak\u0161i na\u010din da se izbegne kontaminacija je da se sonda pripremi sa kalibracionim rastvorom. Drugim re\u010dima, potopite \u010distu sondu za provodljivost u rastvor za \u201eispiranje\u201c. Nakon toga nastavite sa kalibracijom u \u010distom rastvoru.<\/p>\n

    Tako\u0111e \u017eelite da budete sigurni da koristite sve\u017ei rastvor za kalibraciju svaki put kada kalibri\u0161ete. Jedna od garancija ove opcije je upotreba pojedina\u010dnih paketa kalibracionog rastvora.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Ako Va\u0161 mera\u010d prihvata razli\u010dite rastvore za kalibraciju, trebalo bi da koristite ono \u0161to sli\u010dno koncentraciji va\u0161eg uzorka<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Konduktometar ne treba\u00a0<\/span><\/span>kalibrisati<\/span><\/span>\u00a0tako\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u010desto<\/span><\/span>\u00a0kao pH elektrodu, me\u0111utim va\u017eno je periodi\u010dno\u00a0<\/span><\/span>proveriti sondu za provodljivosti jer se<\/span><\/span>kalibracijom nadokna\u0111uju promene sonde tokom vremena zbog skupljanja ne\u010disto\u0107a i \/ ili o\u0161tec\u0301enja<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Hanna savet:\u00a0<\/strong>Naj\u0107e\u0161\u0107a vrednost kalibracionionog pufera je 1413 \u00b5S\/cm. Me\u0111utim, provera uputstva za mera\u010d je najbolji na\u010din da se utvrdi rastvor za kalibraciju koje biste trebalo koristiti. Neki od konduktometara se kalibri\u0161u u specifi\u010dnim ta\u010dkama.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Problem #4: Kontaminirani uzorak<\/h2>\n

    Da biste bili sigurni da slu\u010dajno ne promenite provodljivost u uzorku, pre testiranja podma\u017eite sondu \u201euzorkom za ispiranje\u201c. Ovo se odnosi na poslednji problem koji se ti\u010de kalibracionih rastvora i kako na njih mo\u017ee uticati kontaminiran; isto va\u017ei i za va\u0161 uzorak, posebno ako ima nisku provodljivost.<\/p>\n

    Nakon \u0161to to u\u010dinite, odlo\u017eite uzorak za ispiranje i izvr\u0161ite merenje sa novim, sve\u017eim uzorkom.\u00a0<\/span>Na taj na\u010din osiguravate da je va\u0161 uzorak bio poslednja stvar na sondi, a ne dodajete niti razbla\u017eujete jone<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Hanna savet:<\/strong>\u00a0Pazite na \u010di\u0161c\u0301enje i ispiranje sonde nakon upotrebe. Ovo poma\u017ee da se isprati bilo koji preostali uzorak na senzorima, odr\u017eavajuc\u0301i ga \u010distim za buduc\u0301a merenja.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    Problem #5: Pogre\u0161ni TDS konverzioni faktor<\/h2>\n

    Ukupne rastvorene \u010dvrste supstance (TDS) su sna\u017eno povezane sa provodljivo\u0161c\u0301u. To je zato \u0161to kako koli\u010dina rastvorenih jona (npr. Kalcijuma, nitrata, kalijuma itd.) raste, povec\u0301ava se i provodljivost.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Merenje TDS mera\u010dem provodljivosti je jednostavan na\u010din da prona\u0111ete koncentraciju rastvorenih \u010dvrstih materija u svom uzorku.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>O\u010ditavanje provodljivosti se pretvara u TDS pomoc\u0301u posebnog faktora konverzije<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Kori\u0161\u0107enje faktora konverzije je jednostavno. Jednostavno uzmite EC merenje i pomno\u017eite ga sa faktorom konverzije da biste dobili TDS. O\u010ditavanje provodljivosti izra\u017eeno u \u00b5S \/ cm mo\u017ee se pretvoriti u TDS u delovima na milion (ppm); EC izra\u017eeni u mS \/ cm pretvaraju se u TDS u delovima na hiljadu (ppt).<\/p>\n

    Postoje vi\u0161e razli\u010ditih faktor za sve vrste jona. Neki instrumenti koriste samo jedan konverzioni faktor, dok<\/span><\/span>neki napredniji mera\u010di nude opciju izbora konverzionih faktora.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Faktori koji su\u00a0<\/span>najuobi\u010dajeniji<\/span><\/span>\u00a0su 0.5 i 0.7. 0,5 konverzioni faktor\u00a0<\/span>je zasnovan<\/span><\/span>\u00a0na natrijum hloridu (NaCl); 0.7 factor\u00a0<\/span>je baziran<\/span><\/span>\u00a0na me\u0161avini natrijum sulfata, natrijum bikarbonata i natrijum hlorida. (oni se nalaze u proporciji: 40%, 40% i 20%\u00a0<\/span>i obi\u010dno<\/span><\/span>se\u00a0<\/span>naziva<\/span><\/span>442 konverzionim faktorom.)<\/span><\/p>\n

    Mera\u010di provodljivosti sa 0,7 faktorom popularni su u poljoprivredi i hidroponici, jer mnogi proizvo\u0111a\u010di hranljivih materija i \u0111ubriva koriste ovaj faktor prilikom postavljanja optimalnih opsega TDS<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Kada birate mera\u010d za TDS proverite da li ima odgovarajuc\u0301i faktor konverzije za va\u0161u aplikaciju ili opciju koja se mo\u017ee odabrati<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Problem #6: Nedovoljno potapanje sonde<\/h2>\n

    Prilikom merenja va\u0161a elektroda treba da bude potpuno potopljena u rastvor<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Tako se osigurava da \u010ditanje koje dobijate odra\u017eava provodljivost va\u0161eg uzorka.<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Ovaj korak je posebno va\u017ean za sonde za provodljivost sa 4 prstena jer c\u0301e vam biti potreban vec\u0301i uzorak nego za ostale sonde kako biste bili sigurni da su sva \u010detiri prstena\u00a0<\/span><\/span>u potpunosti potopljeni.<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Tako\u0111e je va\u017eno da se uverite da u va\u0161oj sondi nisu zarobljeni mehuric\u0301i vazduha ako koristite sondu od \u010detiri prstena ili dve elektrode. To se lako popravlja laganim tapkanjem ili tre\u0161enjem sonde dok je potopljena.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Problem #7: Kori\u0161\u0107enje pogre\u0161ne sonde za odre\u0111ivanje provodljivosti<\/h2>\n

    Dve elektrode sonde<\/span><\/span>su dizajnirane<\/span><\/span>sa stani\u010dnom konstantom na osnovu Va\u0161eg planiranog opsega merenja<\/span><\/span>. Kod merenja vec\u0301eg opsega koristi se vec\u0301a c\u0301elija konstanta (elektrode su dalje jednake), dok je<\/span>Za merenje malog opsega potrebna je manja konstanta c\u0301elije (elektrode su bli\u017ee jedna drugoj) da bi se izmerila struja<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0<\/span>Iz tog razloga, Hanna testeri sa dve elektrode dolaze u razli\u010ditim modelima za razli\u010dite opsege<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Ako testirate razne uzorke, sonda sa \u010detiri prstena mo\u017ee biti bolja opcija za Vas. Dobar su izbor kada radite u \u0161irokom rasponu i ne \u017eelite da koristite vi\u0161e sondi.<\/p>\n

    Ako vam je potrebna sonda za rad sa procesnom opremom, induktivne sonde za provodljivost odgovaraju nepovoljnim uslovima.<\/span>Imaju vec\u0301u hemijsku otpornost i korisni su u industrijskoj primeni.<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Problem #8: Ne kori\u0161\u0107enje temperaturne kompenzacije<\/h2>\n


    \nVa\u017ean faktor koji bi trebalo uzeti u obzir pri kupovini mera\u010da provodljivosti je temperatura. Bojni mera\u010di su opremljeni automatskom kompenzacijom temperature kako bi se osiguralo da je merenje konzistentno u odre\u0111enom rasponu temperatura.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Kada je uzorak predaleko od sobne temperature (25 \u00b0 C \/ 77 \u00b0 F), o\u010ditavanje provodljivosti c\u0301e biti druga\u010dije. To je zbog toga \u0161to se temperatura povec\u0301ava, joni u rastvoru se br\u017ee krec\u0301u.<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Mera\u010di sa funkcijom kompenzacije temperature prilago\u0111avaju se na osnovu temperature Va\u0161eg uzorka, pru\u017eajuc\u0301i ta\u010dnije o\u010ditavanje.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Hanna savet:<\/strong>\u00a0Kod uzoraka koji su mnogo vi\u0161i ili ni\u017ei od sobne temperature, proverite da li se senzor temperature stabilizuje pre merenja<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    Ako sledite ove savete i steknete bolje razumevanje kako funkcioni\u0161e sonda za provodljivost, trebalo bi da budete u moguc\u0301nosti da pobolj\u0161ate performanse i postignete bolje rezultate. Ukoliko i dalje imate nejasno\u0107e, mi smo tu da pomognemo! Kontakitrajte nas telefonom, mailom ili nas potra\u017eite na dru\u0161tvenim mre\u017eama!<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Da li imate problema kada izvodite odre\u0111ivanje provodljivosti (EC)? Veoma lako se mo\u017ee pogre\u0161iti, pogotovo […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":152658,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[377],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-154622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-laboratorija"],"yoast_head":"\nOdre\u0111ivanje provodljivosti \u2013 8 naj\u010de\u0161\u0107ih gre\u0161aka prilikom merenja - Hanna Instruments Srbja<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/sr\/odredjivanje-provodljivosti-8-najcescih-gresaka-prilikom-merenja\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sr_RS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Odre\u0111ivanje provodljivosti \u2013 8 naj\u010de\u0161\u0107ih gre\u0161aka prilikom merenja - Hanna Instruments Srbja\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Da li imate problema kada izvodite odre\u0111ivanje provodljivosti (EC)? 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