{"id":154644,"date":"2020-09-15T14:56:31","date_gmt":"2020-09-15T14:56:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/efekat-slanosti-i-koncentracije-hlorida-na-upotrebljivu-vodu-u-kultivaciji\/"},"modified":"2022-10-10T08:50:26","modified_gmt":"2022-10-10T08:50:26","slug":"efekat-slanosti-i-koncentracije-hlorida-na-upotrebljivu-vodu-u-kultivaciji","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/sr\/efekat-slanosti-i-koncentracije-hlorida-na-upotrebljivu-vodu-u-kultivaciji\/","title":{"rendered":"Efekat slanosti i koncentracije hlorida na upotrebljivu vodu u kultivaciji"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Slanost je jedan od najve\u0107ih problema kvaliteta vode u obalnim regijama.<\/p>\n

Izlo\u017eenost uticaja slanosti mora na delovanje mora sa sobom donosi problem prodora mora u obalne vodonosnike i ozbiljna je pretnja poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji.<\/p>\n

Prodiranje morske vode ima negativne ekolo\u0161ke posledice na dolinu Neretve, koja je jedno od podru\u010dja sa najizra\u017eenijim uticajem morske soli na slanost tla u Hrvatskoj. Ovaj problem posebno poga\u0111a poljoprivredu regije Neretve, gde dugotrajna izlo\u017eenost poljoprivrednih svojstava slanoj vodi mo\u017ee dovesti do neupotrebljivosti zemlji\u0161ta.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Jedini na\u010din da se razlikuje da je li voda prikladna za navodnjavanje jeste provo\u0111enje ispitivanja.<\/p>\n

Preporu\u010duje se redovnoito ispitivanje podzemne i povr\u0161inske vode pre upotrebe na usevima.<\/p>\n

Slanost vode mo\u017ee se izmeriti d\u017eepnim mera\u010dem saliniteta ili slanjem uzoraka u laboratoriju na analizu. Slanost se meri o\u010ditavanjem elektri\u010dne provodljivosti vode. \u0160to je ve\u0107i nivo soli, to je ve\u0107a provodljivost. Merenja saliniteta vode izra\u017eena su u \u2018milisiemenima po centimetru\u2019 (mS \/ cm) ili ponekad kao \u2018mikrosiemenima po centimetru\u2019 (\u00b5S \/ cm).<\/p>\n

Konverzija. 1 mS\/cm = 1,000 \u00b5S\/cm<\/p>\n

Da biste pretvorili mS \/ m u \u00b5S \/ cm, pomno\u017eite sa 1.000<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kao grubu aproksimaciju, o\u010ditanja saliniteta mo\u017eete pretvoriti u delove na milion (ppm) kako sledi:<\/p>\n

Rezultat u mS \/ cm X 640 = Rezultat u ppm<\/p>\n

Rezultat \u00b5S \/ cm X 0,64 = Rezultat u ppm<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kakav je efekat slanosti na biljke?<\/p>\n

Slanost vode za navodnjavanje uti\u010de na uspe\u0161nost useva na nekoliko na\u010dina.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Dostupnost vode u zoni zuba postaje ograni\u010dena<\/p>\n

Soli u korenskoj zoni nadma\u0161uju korenje biljaka zbog vlage, smanjuju\u0107i rast i prinos.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Soli tako\u0111e uti\u010du na rast i prinos biljaka.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Hlorid u visokoj koncentraciji tako\u0111e je pokazao odre\u0111ene toksi\u010dne efekte na odre\u0111ene useve<\/p>\n

Op\u0161te smernice koje treba slediti u vezi sa slano\u0161\u0107u vode koja se koristi za navodnjavanje:<\/p>\n

\u2022 ako je slanost manja od 0,8 mS \/ cm, voda je pogodna za ve\u0107inu useva i pa\u0161njaka na umereno do dobro dreniranom zemlji\u0161tu.<\/p>\n

\u2022 ako je slanost ve\u0107a od 2,3 mS \/ cm, voda nije pogodna za kontinuiranu upotrebu za ve\u0107inu useva<\/p>\n

Sa\u017eetak smernica za kvalitet vode za navodnjavanje<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nOK<\/td>\nBudi oprezan<\/td>\nProblemati\u010dno<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Provodljivost<\/td>\n< 0.8 mS\/cm<\/td>\n0.8 \u2013 2.3 mS\/cm<\/td>\n> 2.3 mS\/cm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TDS<\/td>\n< 500 ppm<\/td>\n500 \u2013 1500 ppm<\/td>\n> 1500 ppm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Provodljivost se mo\u017ee izmeriti pomo\u0107u ispitiva\u010da provodljivosti ili mera\u010da.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Merenja elektri\u010dne provodljivosti mogu se koristiti za odre\u0111ivanje slanosti u razli\u010ditim vodama. To zna\u010di da se merenje elektri\u010dne provodljivosti mo\u017ee koristiti samo za precizno odre\u0111ivanje slanosti uzoraka poput morske vode.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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<\/p>\n

Pra\u0107enje omera adsorpcije natrijuma (SAR) u podzemnoj vodi<\/p>\n

NaCl(s) \u2013> (H2O) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Prekomerne koncentracije natrijumovih i hloridnih jona u vodi za navodnjavanje mogu uzrokovati toksi\u010dnost u biljkama. Te jone mo\u017ee uzeti korenje ili direktnim kontaktom na li\u0161\u0107u. Vi\u0161e \u0161tete uzrokuje direktna apsorpcija kroz li\u0161\u0107e.<\/p>\n

Tipi\u010dni simptomi toksi\u010dnosti natrijuma koje biljke mogu pokazati su izgoreli ili spr\u017eeni listovi i mrtvo tkivo uz spoljne rubove li\u0161\u0107a. Visoke koncentracije natrijuma u vodi za navodnjavanje mogu uzrokovati nedostatak kalcijuma i kalijuma u zemlji\u0161tu sa niskim udelom tih hranjivih materija, a usevi mogu reagovati na \u0111ubrenje ovim hranljivim sastojcima. Slede\u0107i efekat natrijuma je onaj ako natrijum fizikalno-hemijski uti\u010de na strukturu tla ograni\u010davaju\u0107i vodu i vazduh i infiltraciju vode u zemlji\u0161tu.<\/p>\n

SAR meri relativni postotak natrijumovih jona u vodi prema kalcijumovim i magnezijumovim jonima. Visok SAR ukazuje na to da postoji potencijal za nakupljanje natrijuma u tlu.<\/p>\n

Primer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

SAR<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Tip<\/td>\nReakcija<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

2\u20138<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

limuni, listopadno vo\u0107e i ora\u0161asti plodovi<\/td>\nVrlo osetljivo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

8\u201318<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Pasulj<\/td>\nOsetljiv<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

18\u201346<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Detelina, zob, ri\u017ea<\/td>\nUmereno tolerantna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

46\u2013102<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

cvekla, lucerka, paradajz, p\u0161enica<\/td>\nTolerantan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Fitotoksi\u010dnost i efekat koncentracije hlorida u podzemnoj vodi<\/p>\n

Analiza kvaliteta vode uklju\u010duje i odre\u0111ivanje hloridnih jona, koji u visokim koncentracijama mogu biti toksi\u010dni za biljke.<\/p>\n

Slana voda mo\u017ee sadr\u017eavati natrijum u nekoliko vrsta soli (NaCl), kaliju (KCl) i soli kalcijuma (CaCl2).<\/p>\n

U Hrvatskoj su vodonosnici skloni upadanju morske vode karakterizirani visokim koncentracijama hlorida.<\/p>\n

Nivoi hlorida u nezaga\u0111enim vodama \u010desto su ni\u017ee od 10 mg \/ L, a ponekad ni\u017ee od 1 mg \/ L. Hloridi se zapravo smatraju va\u017enim u prehrambenoj ravnote\u017ei biljaka, na ni\u017eim nivoima. Oni tako\u0111e mogu biti korisni u suzbijanju bolesti korena i folija u nekim usevima i pogoduju biljnoj prehrani.<\/p>\n

Me\u0111utim, preterano nakupljanje hlorida o\u0161te\u0107uje li\u0161\u0107e vo\u0107aka, poput maslina, oraha i citrusa. Li\u0161\u0107e mo\u017ee pokazati o\u0161te\u0107enja od opekotina usled nakupljanja hlora, u zavisnosti od vrste drve\u0107a.<\/p>\n

Stepen restrikcije jonskog hlorida (Cl-) u vodi za navodnjavanje:<\/p>\n

< 140 mg \/ L smatra se laganim,<\/p>\n

140 -350 mg\/L je umereno,<\/p>\n

> 350 mg\/L smatraju se te\u0161kim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Vrsta useva<\/td>\nKoncentracija hlorida u vodi za navodnjavanje
\n(mg\/L)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Podloge citrusa<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
trifoliata<\/td>\n\n

120<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

limun<\/td>\n\n

200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

slatka narand\u017ea<\/td>\n\n

300<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

kre\u010d, mandarina<\/td>\n\n

600<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Mati\u010dnjaci ko\u0161ti\u010davog vo\u0107a<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Marijanska \u0161ljiva (za pupanje \u0161ljiva i marelica)<\/td>\n\n

600<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\u0160ljiva mirobolan (za pupanje \u0161ljiva i marelica)<\/td>\n\n

370<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Breskva<\/td>\n\n

235<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Mekane vo\u0107ne sorte<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kupina<\/td>\n\n

235<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Malina<\/td>\n\n

120<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Jagoda<\/td>\n\n

120\u2013190<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hloridi se lako mogu odrediti na nekoliko na\u010dina:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Fotometrijska \/ spektrofotometrijska<\/li>\n
  • Setovi za ispitivanje titracije<\/li>\n
  • Hlorid ISE<\/li>\n
  • Multiparametarski HI9829 s opcionim hloridnim senzorom<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    HI931 \u2013 Odre\u0111ivanje hlorida \u2013 Titracija srebrnim nitratom<\/p>\n

    Koncentracije hlorida u uzorcima vode mogu se precizno odrediti srebrovim nitratom pomo\u0107u Hanna sistema za titraciju HI931<\/p>\n

    AgNO3 + NaCl \u2192 AgCl + NaNO3<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

    Rezultati su izra\u017eeni kao ppm (mg \/ L) kao hlorid.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Titracijska metoda za odre\u0111ivanje hlorida u vodi je najta\u010dnija metoda za odre\u0111ivanje hlorida na koju se poziva<\/p>\n

    Standardne metode za ispitivanje vode i otpadnih voda 21. izdanje, Metoda<\/b><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Autor:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

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    Nives Vincekovi\u0107 Budor<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
    dipl.hem.in\u017e.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Slanost je jedan od najve\u0107ih problema kvaliteta vode u obalnim regijama. Izlo\u017eenost uticaja slanosti mora […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":153878,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[348],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-154644","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-poljoprivreda"],"yoast_head":"\nEfekat slanosti i koncentracije hlorida na upotrebljivu vodu u kultivaciji - Hanna Instruments Srbja<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/sr\/efekat-slanosti-i-koncentracije-hlorida-na-upotrebljivu-vodu-u-kultivaciji\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sr_RS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Efekat slanosti i koncentracije hlorida na upotrebljivu vodu u kultivaciji - Hanna Instruments Srbja\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Slanost je jedan od najve\u0107ih problema kvaliteta vode u obalnim regijama. 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