{"id":171171,"date":"2022-05-31T10:25:51","date_gmt":"2022-05-31T10:25:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/conductiviti-ec\/"},"modified":"2022-10-07T13:58:13","modified_gmt":"2022-10-07T13:58:13","slug":"conductiviti-ec","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.hannaservice.eu\/sr\/conductiviti-ec\/","title":{"rendered":"Konduktivitet EC"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Definicija provodljivosti<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektroliti\u010dka provodljivost, skrac\u0301eno EC, je merenje koje se vr\u0161i u kome se elektri\u010dni naboji na atomskim ili vec\u0301im \u010desticama u medijumu pomeraju pod uticajem razlike potencijala. EC je mera koncentracije, ali nije specifi\u010dna za tip jona. Jon je naelektrisana \u010destica prisutna u rastvoru koja doprinosi protoku struje. Joni se formiraju kada se so kao \u0161to je natrijum hlorid rastvori u vodi da bi se formirale \u010destice koje imaju elektri\u010dno naelektrisanje. Natrijum hlorid se, na primer, razdvaja na Na+ i Cl\u00af. Ovo je pojednostavljena definicija jer na merenje uti\u010du mnoge stvari kao \u0161to je tip jonskog(ih) jedinjenja(a) rastvorenih u vodi; pokretljivost jona, viskozitet rastvora, temperatura kao i koncentracija.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektri\u010dna provodljivost, sposobnost supstance da sprovede elektri\u010dnu struju je recipro\u010dna vrednost elektri\u010dnog otpora. \u201eKonduktivnost\u201c i \u201eotpor\u201c zavise od geometrijskih dimenzija supstance koja se meri. Provodljivost i otpornost su \u201enormalizovani\u201c termini koji se koriste za ozna\u010davanje obimne su\u0161tinske osobine supstance. Ovo je merenje koje obezbe\u0111uje standardizovana EC sonda na mera\u010du provodljivosti ili otpora. Merenja provodljivosti se mogu koristiti za dodatna merenja specifi\u010dna za industriju; Provodljivost uskla\u0111ena sa TDS, Salinitetom i USP. Mnogi od Hanninih mera\u010da tako\u0111e pru\u017eaju ova merenja.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Jedinice
Merenja<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektri\u010dna
Otpornost<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektri\u010dna otpornost r (gr\u010dki rho), tako\u0111e nazvana Specifi\u010dni otpor (1cm kocka) koristi jedinice Ohm.cm. Na primer, ka\u017ee se da ultra\u010dista voda ima vrednost od 18,16 Mohm.cm. na 25\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elektri\u010dna
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Elektri\u010dna provodljivost s (gr\u010dki sigma i drugi simboli koji se tako\u0111e koriste, recipro\u010dna je otpornost i koristi jedinice Simensa\/cm (S\/cm, mS\/cm, mS\/cm, dS\/m). Na primer, ka\u017ee se da ultra\u010dista voda ima provodljivost od: 0,055 mS\/cm na 25\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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IUPAC konvencija<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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1000 mikroSimena\/cm (mS\/cm) = 1,0 miliSimena\/cm (mS\/cm).<\/p>\n

Napomena: Pre 1971. mho\/cm je bila jedinica za provodljivost. Ova jedinica se jo\u0161 uvek mo\u017ee nac\u0301i u nekoj starijoj literaturi.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Provodljivost u odnosu na otpornost<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Iako su provodljivost i otpornost recipro\u010dne jedinice koje se mogu lako pretvoriti, konvencija koristi otpornost za veoma niske koncentracije elektrolita ili kontaminanata u tragovima, tj. ultra \u010distu vodu, i provodljivost za izra\u017eavanje zna\u010dajnih nivoa soli, tj. morske vode; kupke za galvanizaciju, koncentracije kiselina. Stil elektroda i tehnike merenja tako\u0111e doprinose uspehu u pouzdanom merenju provodljivosti ili otpornosti. Merenja provodljivosti se mogu koristiti za pru\u017eanje korisnih merenja specifi\u010dnih za industriju, kao \u0161to su provodljivost uskla\u0111ena sa TDS, Salinitetom i USP, a mnogi Hannini mera\u010di provodljivosti obezbe\u0111uju ra\u010dunarsku snagu za automatsko obezbe\u0111ivanje ovih merenja.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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TDS<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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TDS (total dissolved solids), je metoda koja se koristi za odre\u0111ivanje sadr\u017eaja \u010dvrstih materija u rastvoru. Da bi se odredio TDS, rastvor \u010dija je zapremina poznata se ispari i ostatak se odmeri. Merenje provodljivosti se obi\u010dno koristi za procenu TDS (ukupnih rastvorenih \u010dvrstih materija) na osnovu pretpostavke da su \u010dvrste materije prete\u017eno jonske prirode i da je odnos izme\u0111u rastvorenih jona i provodljivosti poznat. TDS koristi jedinice mg\/L (ppm) ili g \/L. Na nekim brojilima korisnik mo\u017ee da unese TDS faktor za konverziju. Na osnovnijim jedinicama faktor se automatski postavlja na 0,50 A tipi\u010dno.<\/p>\n

TDS faktor za jake jonske rastvore je 0,5, dok je za slabe jonske rastvore (npr. \u0111ubriva) 0,7.<\/p>\n

TDS = faktor k EC\u2082\u2085<\/p>\n

Na primer: provodljivost od 100 mS\/cm je TDS od 50ppm kada je faktor 0,5.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Salinitet<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Merenje provodljivosti se mo\u017ee koristiti za odre\u0111ivanje saliniteta jer se odnosi na op\u0161tu okeanografiju
\nkoristiti. <\/p>\n

U upotrebi su tri merne skale koje su u zavisnosti od sofisticiranosti mera\u010da dostupne za merenje saliniteta u morskoj vodi. 3 skale su prakti\u010dna skala slanosti (PSU); 1978, Procentualna skala (%); i skala prirodne morske vode (g\/L); 1966.<\/p>\n

Prakti\u010dni salinitet i prirodna morska voda zahtevaju kalibraciju provodljivosti. Mera\u010di imaju algoritme za pretvaranje merenja u \u017eeljenu skalu. NaCl % zahteva kalibraciju u standardu HI70371. Prenosivi mera\u010di sa ovim merenjem olak\u0161avaju merenje saliniteta u akvarijumima sa slanom vodom i bo\u010datim vodama.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Konduktivitet
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Provodljivost se menja sa koncentracijom jona i sa temperaturom. Na primer, standardni rastvor kalijum hlorida koji se koristi za kalibraciju c\u0301elijske konstante i mosta provodljivosti menja provodljivost kao \u0161to je prikazano u tabeli desno.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Promena dve varijable u\u010dinila bi skoro nemoguc\u0301im uzimanje korisnih merenja provodljivosti. Ako bi se temperatura odr\u017eavala konstantnom, merenje provodljivosti bi imalo samo promenljivu koncentraciju jona. Apsolutna provodljivost je merenje provodljivosti bez temperaturne kompenzacije. Ako je promena provodljivosti sa promenom temperature rastvora poznata karakteristika, merenja provodljivosti se mogu korigovati na referentnu temperaturu (obi\u010dno 20 ili 25\u00b0C) pa\u017eljivim merenjem temperature rastvora. Na srec\u0301u, Hanna EC senzori imaju ugra\u0111eni senzor temperature za merenje temperature rastvora. Kompenzacija koriguje izmerenu provodljivost na referentnu temperaturu primenom fiksnog faktora b za linearnu kompenzaciju. Vrhunski mera\u010di omoguc\u0301avaju pode\u0161avanje b da bi se kompenzovala razli\u010dita re\u0161enja i dozvoljavaju pode\u0161avanje referentne temperature u \u0161irem opsegu temperatura. b za neutralne soli je tipi\u010dno izme\u0111u 1,5 do 2,2%\/\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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EC<\/em>\u2082\u2085<\/em>= ECk (1+ b<\/em>\u2082\u2085<\/em>(Tk\u201425))<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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(USP) Provodljivost u skladu sa farmakopejom Sjedinjenih Dr\u017eava<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Merenja provodljivosti se koriste za pripremu farmaceutske vode za injekcije (VFI) \u0161irom sveta. Hanna EC sonde i mera\u010di mogu vam omoguc\u0301iti da ispunite USP <645 >zahteve za provodljivost vode i Evropske farmakopeje 2.2.38 Test provodljivosti za <USP> & EP pre\u010di\u0161c\u0301enu vodu i vodu za injekcije. stepen uskla\u0111enosti koristi provodljivost kao osnovu jonskih zaga\u0111iva\u010da. Potrebni su faktori kao \u0161to su ta\u010dnost, rezolucija, sigurnost konstantne c\u0301elije i sposobnost merenja apsolutne provodljivosti. Faza 1 koristi linijska merenja provodljivosti za usagla\u0161enost i ograni\u010denje temperature\/provodljivosti za usagla\u0161enost. Voda koja ne prelazi granice Faze 1 mora se zatim ispitati u skladu sa zahtevima Faze 2. Ovo je laboratorijska tehnika koja je pojednostavljena kori\u0161c\u0301enjem na\u0161ih mera\u010da sa firmverom USP aplikacije. Oni nude programabilne zadate ta\u010dke da prema\u0161e minimalne ispunjavaju USP i EP zahteve i uputstva za vo\u0111enje tehni\u010dara. Voda koja ne pro\u0111e u Fazi 2 mora se testirati na pH.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kori\u0161c\u0301enje Hanna provodljivosti c\u0301e pomoc\u0301i u ispunjavanju ciljeva USP pre\u010di\u0161c\u0301ene vode i zahteva VFI koji uklju\u010duju pobolj\u0161ani kvalitet vode, pobolj\u0161anu pouzdanost opreme i smanjenje broja potrebnih testova.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kalibracija provodljivosti<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Standardi provodljivosti su rastvori soli za koje su poznate provodljivost i temperaturna zavisnost. Postoji dobro definisan odnos izme\u0111u koncentracije kalijum hlorida i elektroliti\u010dke provodljivosti, tako da se rastvori KCl obi\u010dno koriste kao standardi. Standard se koristi za odre\u0111ivanje c\u0301elijske konstante, u teoriji definisane zapremine geometrijske konstante. Standarde od 84 mS\/cm, 1413 mS\/cm, 5,00 mS\/cm ili 12,88 mS\/cm, 80 mS\/cm i 111,8 mS\/cm proizvodi Hanna. Kalibracija se sprovodi sa vredno\u0161c\u0301u bliskom provodljivosti uzorka. Ako je poznata ta\u010dna konstanta c\u0301elije, neki brojila dozvoljavaju ru\u010dni unos faktora. Ovo obezbe\u0111uje maksimalnu fleksibilnost i ta\u010dnost merenja. Na\u0161i stolni mera\u010di istra\u017eiva\u010dkog kvaliteta omoguc\u0301avaju kalibraciju nekoliko ta\u010daka radi pobolj\u0161anja ta\u010dnosti u \u0161irem opsegu merenja.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Vrste provodljivosti<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hanna proizvodi tri tipa sondi za provodljivost, najjednostavniji dizajn je sonda sa 2 elektrode koja koristi amperometrijski pristup za merenje; poznati naizmeni\u010dni napon se primenjuje na odre\u0111enoj frekvenciji izme\u0111u para elektroda u rastvoru. Proizvedena struja se meri i izve\u0161tava u jedinicama provodljivosti koje se odnose na kalibrisani standard. Elektrode su napravljene od grafita ili metala. Zaprljavanje usled mineralnih naslaga i polarizacija pri visokim koncentracijama su nedostaci ove tehnologije. Sonde sa dve elektrode najbolje se koriste u aplikacijama za \u010distu vodu kada provodljivost ostaje manja od 5 mS\/cm.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Provodljivost sa \u010detiri elektrode (provodljivost sa \u010detiri prstena) koristi potencimetrijski pristup za merenje; naizmeni\u010dna struja se primenjuje na spoljne dve \u201epogonske\u201c elektrode da bi se indukovala struja u rastvoru. Napon se meri izme\u0111u unutra\u0161njeg para elektroda u rastvoru. Napon je proporcionalan provodljivosti. Ova tehnologija pro\u0161iruje linearni opseg merenja na tri decenije. Elektrode se izra\u0111uju od grafita, ner\u0111ajuc\u0301eg \u010delika ili platine. Efekti polarizacije su smanjeni.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Sonde sa dve i \u010detiri elektrode mogu da imaju spoljni omota\u010d preko c\u0301elijskog kanala. Navlaka mora da ostane na mestu tokom merenja, jer to defini\u0161e zapreminu izmerenog rastvora i faktor c\u0301elije sonde.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Trec\u0301i tip sonde za provodljivost koju proizvodi Hanna \u010desto se nalazi u industrijskim procesima povezanim sa kontrolerom. Sonda za induktivnu, bezelektronsku ili toroidnu provodljivost koristi dva ili vi\u0161e toroidnih transformatora koji su induktivno spojeni jedan pored drugog i uklopljeni u inertni plasti\u010dni omota\u010d. Primenom napona visoke frekvencije na pogonski toroid, razvija se magnetno polje koje indukuje struju u okolnom rastvoru. Toroid prijemnika na drugoj strani senzora meri ja\u010dinu indukovane struje. Snaga zavisi od provodljivosti rastvora. Prednosti ove tehnologije su da nema efekata polarizacije, izbor materijala za inkapsulaciju mo\u017ee proizvesti otpornost na hemikalije i relativnu otpornost na prljanje, a re\u0161enja nisu potrebna za kalibraciju.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Definicija provodljivosti Elektroliti\u010dka provodljivost, skrac\u0301eno EC, je merenje koje se vr\u0161i u kome se elektri\u010dni […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":171164,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[377],"tags":[253],"class_list":["post-171171","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-laboratorija","tag-ec-sr"],"yoast_head":"\nKonduktivitet EC - Hanna Instruments Srbja<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"TDS (total dissolved solids), je metoda koja se koristi za odre\u0111ivanje sadr\u017eaja \u010dvrstih materija u rastvoru. 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